For sake of this example lets remove /usr/lib/php5/20060613/pdo_mysql.so file.
Now after Apache restart the following entry will appear in /var/log/apache2/error.log
PHP Warning: PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library '/usr/lib/php5/20060613/pdo_mysql.so' - /usr/lib/php5/20060613/pdo_mysql.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory in Unknown on line 0
In this particular case is quite easy to guess which package pdo_mysql.so file comes with. But in general dpkg --search can help.
$ dpkg --search /usr/lib/php5/20060613/pdo_mysql.so php5-mysql: /usr/lib/php5/20060613/pdo_mysql.so
Now we know for sure which packed needs to be installed again. To ask apt-get to install package which already is installed --reinstall option needs to be used.
sudo apt-get --reinstall install php5-mysql
Now pdo_mysql.so should be again on its place.
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